Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sheets have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional chemical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of PVDF MBRs in treating municipal wastewater. The experimental investi

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a efficient technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their unique structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a semi-permeable hollow core and a solid outer layer, provide a significant surface area for biofilmgrowth and effective sep